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Byzantine Art Project

150 artworks from the great traditions of Byzantine and Eastern Christian iconography, each paired with a doctrinal reflection. The corpus surfaces GLM's confessional shape case by case as the iconography requires it — read what the picture argues.

150
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10
COLLECTIONS
17
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1,250+
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150 entriesArchitecture →
COLLECTION:
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Christ Enthroned with ArchangelsAngels

Christ Enthroned with Archangels

c. 547· Basilica of San Vitale
Photo by Petar Milošević (2015). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Archangels Gabriel and MichaelAngels

Archangels Gabriel and Michael

c. 867 (with the apse Theotokos program)· Hagia Sophia
Photo by Dennis G. Jarvis / archer10 (2013). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0). The underlying 9th-century mosaics are in the public domain.
Archangel Michael Relief PanelAngels

Archangel Michael Relief Panel

11th century (Middle Byzantine; Constantinopolitan ivory carving at the medium's peak craftsmanship period)· Bode-Museum
Photograph by Daderot (2014). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 11th-century Byzantine ivory relief at the Bode-Museum is in the public domain.
The Archangel Gabriel of the AnnunciationAngels

The Archangel Gabriel of the Annunciation

c. 1037–1046 (the foundation period of the cathedral under Yaroslav the Wise; the 11th-century Kievan-Rus mosaic program is iconographically continuous with Constantinople)· Saint Sophia Cathedral
Google Art Project / Wikimedia Commons. The underlying 11th-century mosaic at Saint Sophia Cathedral Kyiv is in the public domain.
The Archangel GabrielAngels

The Archangel Gabriel

c. 1143–1151· La Martorana (Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio)
Photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen / Jastrow (2008). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic (CC BY 2.5). The underlying 12th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Angel with Golden Hair (Archangel Gabriel)Angels

The Angel with Golden Hair (Archangel Gabriel)

c. 1150–1200 (Old Russian, Novgorod school; one of Russia's oldest surviving icons; gold-leaf-stripped hair gives the icon its name)· State Russian Museum
Google Art Project / Wikimedia Commons. The underlying late-12th-century Novgorod-school icon at the Russian Museum is in the public domain.
The Archangel Gabriel of the AnnunciationAngels

The Archangel Gabriel of the Annunciation

1191 (Late Komnenian fresco painting; iconographer's inscription dates the start of the program to April 25, 1191, during the reign of Isaac II Angelos; Constantinopolitan-trained master directing local Macedonian hands)· Saint George Church
Photograph by Efkoski Bobi (2009). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA 1.0/2.0/2.5/3.0/4.0) and GNU Free Documentation License 1.2+. The underlying 1191 fresco at Saint George Kurbinovo is in the public domain.
Two-Sided Pendant with the Archangel Michael and Daniel in the Lions' DenAngels

Two-Sided Pendant with the Archangel Michael and Daniel in the Lions' Den

c. 1200 or later (Constantinople workshop; small portable devotional pendant)· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Open Access (Public Domain / CC0). The underlying c. 1200+ serpentine pendant is in the public domain. Credit line: Gift of Mrs. Hayford Peirce, 1987.
The White AngelAngels

The White Angel

c. 1230 (Mileševa Monastery, founded by King Stefan Vladislav of Serbia; fresco program by Greek-trained Serbian masters)· Mileševa Monastery
Photograph by Levan Ramishvili (2018). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (faithful reproduction of a 13th-century fresco, which is itself in the public domain).
The Archangel MichaelAngels

The Archangel Michael

c. 1300–1350 (Palaiologan-era Constantinopolitan workshop; iconographic tradition linked to the Chora Monastery wall-paintings)· Byzantine and Christian Museum
Photograph by George E. Koronaios (2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying c. early-14th-century icon at the Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens (BXM 1353) is in the public domain.
The Six-Winged SeraphimAngels

The Six-Winged Seraphim

14th century (Palaeologan restoration; underlying program likely 6th c. with later layers)· Hagia Sophia
Photo by Dick Osseman / Dosseman (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying mosaic is in the public domain.
Michael Weighing SoulsAngels

Michael Weighing Souls

c. 1750· Coptic Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; uploaded by Gabriel Philadelpho). The underlying 18th-century Coptic icon is in the public domain.
Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless PowersAngels

Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers

1704 (post-Byzantine Russian iconographic tradition; signed and dated by Kirill Ulanov, a leading icon-master of the Armory Chamber school)· Andrey Rublev Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art (Andronikov Monastery)
Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain (CC0). The underlying 1704 icon by Kirill Ulanov at the Andrey Rublev Museum (Acc. КП 204) is in the public domain.
The Apostolic FlockApostles

The Apostolic Flock

c. 549· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; uploaded by user MChew, 2005). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Saint PeterApostles

Saint Peter

Mid-6th century (c. 550–600)· Saint Catherine's Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; photographed by Michel Bakni). The underlying mid-6th-century encaustic icon (92.8 × 53 cm) is in the public domain.
The Four EvangelistsApostles

The Four Evangelists

586 AD (precisely dated by colophon)· Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; source: Syriac Patriarchate digital archive). The underlying 6th-century manuscript is in the public domain.
The Communion of the ApostlesApostles

The Communion of the Apostles

c. 1050· Saint Sophia Cathedral
Photo by Vi Ko (2021). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Saint PaulApostles

Saint Paul

c. 1100· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Image courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (accession 17.190.673), via Wikimedia Commons. Released under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying c. 1100 Byzantine cloisonné medallion is in the public domain.
Medallion with Saint Matthew from an Icon FrameApostles

Medallion with Saint Matthew from an Icon Frame

c. 1100 (Middle Byzantine; one of nine surviving medallions from a group of twelve that originally surrounded an Archangel Gabriel icon, possibly sent as a Byzantine diplomatic gift to neighboring Christian Georgia)· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Open Access (Public Domain / CC0). The underlying c. 1100 Byzantine cloisonné medallion is in the public domain. Credit line: Fletcher Fund, 1917.
The Descent of the Holy SpiritApostles

The Descent of the Holy Spirit

12th century (Georgian-Byzantine cloisonné tradition)· Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts (National Museum of Georgia)
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying 12th-century cloisonné-enamel-on-gold icon (Shalva Amiranashvili Museum, Tbilisi) is in the public domain.
The Holy Apostles Peter and PaulApostles

The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul

c. 1190–1210 (one of the earliest surviving Old Russian panel icons; Novgorod-school iconographic vocabulary in early-Russian-Christianity context, c. 200 years after Vladimir's 988 conversion)· State Russian Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a c. 1200 icon scanned from Sarabyanov and Smirnova, *Russian Icon Painting*, 2007). The underlying icon is in the public domain.
The Apostle PeterApostles

The Apostle Peter

13th century (Byzantine, post-Schism, pre-Palaeologan)· Dumbarton Oaks Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying 13th-century Byzantine icon (93 × 61.3 cm; Dumbarton Oaks Museum, Washington D.C.) is in the public domain.
John the Theologian Dictating to ProchorusApostles

John the Theologian Dictating to Prochorus

1224 (Xoranasat Gospel manuscript, made in the historical province of Artsakh)· Matenadaran (Mesrop Mashtots Institute)
Photograph by Michel Bakni (2020). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (the underlying 1224 Armenian Gospel manuscript miniature is in the public domain; Matenadaran MS 4823, fol. 247).
James the JustApostles

James the Just

c. 1310 (Palaeologan; parekklesion built and decorated under Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes and his widow Maria-Martha)· Pammakaristos / Fethiye Camii (parekklesion)
Photograph by Byzantine Institute staff (1949–1963), Dumbarton Oaks fieldwork records (MSBZ004_BF_T_F_022_A). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying c. 1310 mosaic is in the public domain.
The Transfiguration of ChristApostles

The Transfiguration of Christ

c. 1403 (Theophanes the Greek, 1335–1410; commissioned for the Cathedral of the Transfiguration in Pereslavl-Zalessky)· State Tretyakov Gallery
Photograph by Anagoria (Wikimedia Commons). Public domain. The underlying icon by Theophanes the Greek (c. 1403) is in the public domain.
The Apostle AndrewApostles

The Apostle Andrew

1779 (post-Byzantine Greek-Orthodox continuation; Kastoria iconographic school, northern Greece)· Saint Andrew Church
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a public domain icon). The underlying 1779 icon at Saint Andrew Church, Kastoria, is in the public domain.
Virgin Enthroned with Saints Theodore and GeorgeIconoclasm Debate

Virgin Enthroned with Saints Theodore and George

c. 600 (late 6th / early 7th century)· Saint Catherine's Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). Underlying late-6th-century encaustic icon (Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai) is in the public domain.
The Iconoclastic CrossIconoclasm Debate

The Iconoclastic Cross

c. 740s (post-740 earthquake reconstruction under Constantine V)· Hagia Eirene (Saint Irene)
Photo by Dick Osseman / Dosseman (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 8th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Patriarch Nikephoros and the IconoclastIconoclasm Debate

Patriarch Nikephoros and the Iconoclast

c. 850s (mid-9th century, post-843 iconodule polemical illumination program; Khludov Psalter is the most-studied surviving 9th-century iconodule manuscript)· State Historical Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 9th-century manuscript folio published before 1931). The underlying Khludov Psalter (State Historical Museum, Moscow, MS D.129) is in the public domain.
Crucifixion with IconoclastsIconoclasm Debate

Crucifixion with Iconoclasts

c. 850–875 (mid-9th c., shortly after the Triumph of Orthodoxy in 843)· State Historical Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; scanned 2021). The underlying mid-9th-century manuscript folio (19.5 × 15 cm; State Historical Museum, Moscow, MS D.129) is in the public domain.
The Holy Mandylion (Image of Edessa)Iconoclasm Debate

The Holy Mandylion (Image of Edessa)

Image: c. 10th–13th century (Byzantine, exact dating contested); Frame: late 14th century, Palaiologan silver-gilt with ten embossed scenes of the Edessa legend. Donated 1362 by Emperor John V Palaiologos to Doge Leonardo Montaldo of Genoa; bequeathed 1388 to San Bartolomeo degli Armeni· Church of San Bartolomeo degli Armeni
Photograph by Postcrosser (2018). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying Byzantine Mandylion icon and 14th-century frame are in the public domain.
The Second Council of NicaeaIconoclasm Debate

The Second Council of Nicaea

c. 985 (Menologion compiled under Emperor Basil II in Constantinople; the council it depicts was held in 787)· Vatican Apostolic Library
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying late-10th-century manuscript illumination (Vatican Apostolic Library, Vat. gr. 1613) is in the public domain.
The Argument about Icons (Empress Theodora and the Iconoclasts)Iconoclasm Debate

The Argument about Icons (Empress Theodora and the Iconoclasts)

c. 1150–1175 (illuminated copy of John Skylitzes's Synopsis of Histories; produced in Norman Sicily, possibly at the multilingual Palermo court of Roger II / William I; 574 marginal illuminations across 233 folios)· Biblioteca Nacional de España
Public domain photographic reproduction (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 12th-century manuscript published before 1931). The underlying Madrid Skylitzes (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MS Vitr. 26-2) is in the public domain.
The Saviour Not Made by Hands (Spas Nerukotvorny)Iconoclasm Debate

The Saviour Not Made by Hands (Spas Nerukotvorny)

c. 1150–1200 (Old Russian, Novgorod school; the earliest surviving Russian Mandylion-tradition icon; reverse side depicts the Adoration of the Cross)· State Tretyakov Gallery
Google Art Project / Wikimedia Commons. The underlying late-12th-century Novgorod-school icon at the Tretyakov Gallery is in the public domain. Photographic reproduction in the public domain (CC0 / structured-data convention).
Emperor Leo V and the Monk of DagisteasIconoclasm Debate

Emperor Leo V and the Monk of Dagisteas

c. 1150–1175 (illuminated copy of John Skylitzes's Synopsis of Histories; production in Norman Sicily)· Biblioteca Nacional de España
Public domain photographic reproduction (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 12th-century manuscript published before 1931). The underlying Madrid Skylitzes is in the public domain.
Theodore the Studite and Stephen the YoungerIconoclasm Debate

Theodore the Studite and Stephen the Younger

c. 1321 (Gračanica fresco program; commissioned by Serbian King Stefan Milutin)· Gračanica Monastery
Photograph by BLAGO Fund, Inc. (2021). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The underlying c. 1321 fresco at Gračanica Monastery is in the public domain.
The Triumph of OrthodoxyIconoclasm Debate

The Triumph of Orthodoxy

c. 1375–1425 (commemorating the Council of Constantinople, 11 March 843)· British Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). Underlying late-14th-century / early-15th-century icon (37.8 × 31.4 cm; British Museum, 1988,0411.1) is in the public domain.
Saint John of DamascusIconoclasm Debate

Saint John of Damascus

17th century (Emmanouel Tzanes, 1610–1690; Cretan school continuation of Byzantine tradition)· Cretan school / Emmanouel Tzanes workshop (icon-type entry)
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 17th-century icon by Emmanouel Tzanes). The underlying icon is in the public domain.
The Parable of the Good SamaritanLife of Christ

The Parable of the Good Samaritan

c. 550–575 (early Byzantine; one of the oldest surviving illustrated New Testament manuscripts; UNESCO Memory of the World Register)· Cathedral of Rossano
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 6th-century manuscript). The underlying Codex Purpureus Rossanensis is in the public domain.
Christ before PilateLife of Christ

Christ before Pilate

c. 550–575 (early Byzantine; same manuscript as `rossano-gospels-healing-blind-man` and `good-samaritan-rossano`; the trial-narrative folio in two registers)· Cathedral of Rossano
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 6th-century manuscript folio). The underlying Codex Purpureus Rossanensis is in the public domain.
Christ in the TransfigurationLife of Christ

Christ in the Transfiguration

c. 565· Saint Catherine's Monastery (Katholikon
Image from Forsyth & Weitzmann, *The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai* (University of Michigan Press, 1973), reproduced via Linn, Tepper & Bar-Oz (2017). Wikimedia Commons. Released under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The AscensionLife of Christ

The Ascension

c. 885· Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom)
Photo by Iolchos07 (2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 9th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
PentecostLife of Christ

Pentecost

c. 1030–1050· Hosios Loukas Monastery (Katholikon
Photograph in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, file: Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_(sanctuary_vault)_-_Pentecost_01.jpg, processed by user Shakko 2015). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Adoration of the MagiLife of Christ

The Adoration of the Magi

11th century (Çarıklı Kilise narrative cycle, Göreme)· Çarıklı Kilise (Sandals Church)
Photograph by Wolfgang Sauber (2010). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0). The underlying 11th-century fresco is in the public domain.
The Kiss of JudasLife of Christ

The Kiss of Judas

11th century (Karanlık Kilise narrative cycle, Göreme open-air monastery)· Karanlık Kilise (Dark Church)
Photograph by Wolfgang Sauber (2010). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0). The underlying 11th-century fresco is in the public domain.
The NativityLife of Christ

The Nativity

c. 1100· Daphni Monastery (Katholikon)
Photo by Jacob Freeland (2023). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The CrucifixionLife of Christ

The Crucifixion

c. 1100· Daphni Monastery (Katholikon
Photo by Jacob Freeland (2023). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The LamentationLife of Christ

The Lamentation

1164· Saint Panteleimon Church
Photo by zavar_vera (2017). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 12th-century fresco is in the public domain.
Christ among the Doctors (Young Jesus in the Temple)Life of Christ

Christ among the Doctors (Young Jesus in the Temple)

1259 (Boyana Church second-layer fresco program; the Boyana Master, Tarnovo school)· Boyana Church (UNESCO World Heritage)
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 1259 fresco). The underlying Boyana Church fresco is in the public domain.
Four-Festival Icon (Annunciation, Nativity, Baptism, Transfiguration)Life of Christ

Four-Festival Icon (Annunciation, Nativity, Baptism, Transfiguration)

c. 1310–1320 (early Palaiologan; Thessaloniki workshop; the icon was discovered at the Coptic monastery of St Mary Deipara, Egypt — a Byzantine-Coptic transmission via maritime contact; entered the British Museum 1852)· British Museum
Photograph released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic. The underlying c. 1310–1320 Byzantine icon at the British Museum (BM 1852.1-02.1) is in the public domain.
The Cleansing of the TempleLife of Christ

The Cleansing of the Temple

14th century (Visoki Dečani fresco program, c. 1335–1350; Serbian medieval)· Visoki Dečani Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; Creative Commons CC0 1.0). The underlying 14th-century fresco at Visoki Dečani is in the public domain.
The NativityLife of Christ

The Nativity

c. 1340s–1370s (Mistra Peribleptos fresco program; mid- to late-Palaiologan period under the Despotate of the Morea)· Peribleptos Monastery
Photograph by Wooofer (2018). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 14th-century fresco at Peribleptos Mistra is in the public domain.
The Incredulity of ThomasLife of Christ

The Incredulity of Thomas

c. 1350 (14th century; Tsalenjikha Cathedral, western Georgia, late-medieval Georgian-Byzantine tradition)· Church of the Holy Savior
Photograph from Réunion des Musées Nationaux (RMN). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (the underlying 14th-century fresco is in the public domain).
The CrucifixionLife of Christ

The Crucifixion

1494 (program completion; painter Philippos Goul, a Syrian Orthodox master also documented at Agios Mamas, Louvaras)· Church of Timios Stavros tou Agiasmati
Photograph by Croquemort Nestor (2025). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 1494 fresco is in the public domain.
Christ before PilateLife of Christ

Christ before Pilate

1546 (Theophanes of Crete, 1490–1559; part of the unified katholikon decoration cycle that also includes the foot-washing at corpus #76)· Stavronikita Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying 1546 fresco by Theophanes the Cretan at Stavronikita Monastery, Mount Athos, is in the public domain.
The Myrrh-Bearing Women at the TombLife of Christ

The Myrrh-Bearing Women at the Tomb

First half of the 17th century (Arkhangelsk Region, Russian post-Byzantine continuation)· State Hermitage Museum
Photograph by Wikimedia Commons user Александровы АГ. The underlying 17th-century Russian icon at the State Hermitage Museum is in the public domain.
The Agony in the GardenLife of Christ

The Agony in the Garden

1678 (Armenian Era 1127; copied in Constantinople by the priest Yakob Pēligratc'i)· Walters Art Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; Walters Art Museum). Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 1678 Armenian hymnal page is in the public domain.
The Last SupperLiturgical

The Last Supper

c. 504 (built under Theodoric the Ostrogoth; nave Christ-cycle mosaics among the original program)· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
Photograph by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying early-6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Multiplication of the Loaves and FishesLiturgical

The Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes

c. 504 (built under Theodoric the Ostrogoth; nave Christ-cycle mosaics among the original program)· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying early-6th-century mosaic at Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, is in the public domain.
The Baptism of ChristLiturgical

The Baptism of Christ

c. 500 (built under Theodoric the Ostrogoth, c. 493–526; passed to orthodox use after 565)· Battistero degli Ariani
Photograph by Petar Milošević (2015). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying late-5th / early-6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Apex LambLiturgical

The Apex Lamb

Begun 526–530 under Pope Felix IV; arch program likely completed in the time of Pope Sergius I (692–701)· Basilica dei Santi Cosma e Damiano
Photograph by Hugo DK (2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th–7th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Healing of the Blind ManLiturgical

The Healing of the Blind Man

c. 550–600 (Codex Purpureus Rossanensis, one of the oldest surviving illuminated Christian gospels)· Diocesan Museum of the Codex
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying 6th-century Codex Purpureus Rossanensis (Diocesan Museum, Rossano Cathedral, Calabria) is in the public domain.
The PentecostLiturgical

The Pentecost

586 AD (the manuscript's colophon dates completion to that year; produced at the Monastery of Saint John of Zagba in Mesopotamia/Syria; **the earliest surviving illustrated Pentecost iconography**)· Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 6th-century manuscript folio). The underlying Rabbula Gospels (Plut. 1.56) is in the public domain.
The Wedding at CanaLiturgical

The Wedding at Cana

c. 950–1000 (the New Tokalı / New Church frescoes; Macedonian Renaissance period)· Tokalı Kilise
Photograph by Dosseman (Dick Osseman). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying late-10th-century fresco is in the public domain.
The Ladder of Divine AscentLiturgical

The Ladder of Divine Ascent

12th century icon (visualizing John Climacus's *Klimax tou Paradeisou*, written c. 600)· Saint Catherine's Monastery
Photograph by Pvasiliadis (2007). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (faithful reproduction of a 12th-century icon, which is itself in the public domain).
The Communion of the ApostlesLiturgical

The Communion of the Apostles

1106 (consecration year of the church; named donor inscription dates the foundational fresco program)· Panagia tis Asinou (Panagia Phorbiotissa)
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying 1106 fresco at Panagia tis Asinou is in the public domain.
Ananias Lays Hands on SaulLiturgical

Ananias Lays Hands on Saul

c. 1140–1170 (Norman Sicilian; Pauline cycle commissioned under Roger II and William I)· Cappella Palatina
Photograph by Gmihail (2013). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Serbia (CC BY-SA 3.0 RS). The underlying 12th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Saint John ChrysostomLiturgical

Saint John Chrysostom

14th century (Palaiologan-era luxury micro-mosaic; vitreous-paste tesserae set in wax on a small wooden panel — one of the high-craft Byzantine portable-art traditions)· Vatopedi Monastery
Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (faithful photographic reproduction of a 14th-century icon). The underlying micro-mosaic at Vatopedi Monastery is in the public domain.
The Heavenly LiturgyLiturgical

The Heavenly Liturgy

c. 1320 (King Stefan Milutin's foundation; Palaiologan Renaissance fresco program)· Gračanica Monastery
Photograph by BLAGO Fund, Inc. (2021). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The underlying c. 1320 fresco at Gračanica Monastery is in the public domain.
The Cozia Monastery Mural ProgramLiturgical

The Cozia Monastery Mural Program

c. 1390s (founding fresco program by Mircea I the Elder, Voivode of Wallachia 1386–1418); subsequent layers in the 16th–18th centuries· Cozia Monastery
Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (faithful reproduction of late-14th to 16th-century frescoes). The underlying frescoes at Cozia Monastery are in the public domain.
Christ Washes the Disciples' FeetLiturgical

Christ Washes the Disciples' Feet

1546 (Theophanes of Crete, 1490–1559; Cretan-school continuation of Byzantine iconographic tradition)· Stavronikita Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain work). The underlying 1546 fresco by Theophanes the Cretan at Stavronikita Monastery, Mount Athos, is in the public domain.
The Mystic Supper (Last Supper)Liturgical

The Mystic Supper (Last Supper)

1546 (Stavronikita Cretan-school program by Theophanes the Cretan; the same unified katholikon decoration as `foot-washing-stavronikita` and `christ-before-pilate-stavronikita`)· Stavronikita Monastery
Wikimedia Commons. Faithful photographic reproduction of a 1546 fresco by Theophanes the Cretan. The underlying work is in the public domain.
The Sign of JonahOT Typology

The Sign of Jonah

c. 280–300 AD· Pio Cristiano Museum
Photo by Sailko (2013). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0). The underlying late-3rd-century relief is in the public domain.
The Vision of Christ in GloryOT Typology

The Vision of Christ in Glory

c. 425–450 (Theodosian / early Byzantine; the church was the katholikon of the Latomos Monastery)· Church of Hosios David (Latomos Monastery)
Photograph by Giovanni Dall'Orto (2024). Wikimedia Commons. The photographer permits use for any purpose with attribution. The underlying 5th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Rebecca at the WellOT Typology

Rebecca at the Well

c. 6th century (early Byzantine luxury manuscript on purple-dyed parchment with silver-ink uncials; one of the oldest surviving illuminated biblical codices)· Austrian National Library
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; from the Yorck Project's *10,000 Masterworks of Painting*; faithful reproduction of a 6th-century manuscript folio). The underlying Vienna Genesis (Codex Vindobonensis Theol. gr. 31) is in the public domain.
Jacob Blessing Ephraim and ManassehOT Typology

Jacob Blessing Ephraim and Manasseh

c. 500–550 (early Byzantine luxury manuscript on purple-dyed parchment with silver-ink uncials)· Austrian National Library
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 6th-century manuscript folio). The underlying Vienna Genesis is in the public domain.
Abel and Melchizedek at the AltarOT Typology

Abel and Melchizedek at the Altar

c. 547 (consecration of San Vitale under Bishop Maximian; Justinianic Ravenna)· Basilica of San Vitale
Photograph by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Sacrifice of IsaacOT Typology

The Sacrifice of Isaac

c. 547· Basilica of San Vitale
Photo by Petar Milošević (2015). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Joseph and Potiphar's WifeOT Typology

Joseph and Potiphar's Wife

Late 6th century (Vienna Genesis / Codex Vindobonensis Theol. gr. 31; likely Antioch workshop; purple-vellum manuscript tradition)· Austrian National Library
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; The Yorck Project). The underlying late-6th-century manuscript page (Austrian National Library) is in the public domain.
The Crossing of the Red SeaOT Typology

The Crossing of the Red Sea

c. 850s (mid-9th century, post-843 iconodule polemical-and-liturgical illumination program)· State Historical Museum
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 9th-century manuscript folio published before 1931). The underlying Khludov Psalter (State Historical Museum, Moscow, MS D.129) is in the public domain.
David Composing the PsalmsOT Typology

David Composing the Psalms

c. 960 (Macedonian Renaissance, Constantinople workshop; one of the most famous Byzantine illuminated manuscripts)· Bibliothèque nationale de France
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 10th-century manuscript). The underlying Paris Psalter (BnF MS gr. 139) is in the public domain.
Moses and the Burning BushOT Typology

Moses and the Burning Bush

12th century· Saint Catherine's Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, scanned 2008). The underlying 12th-century icon (92 × 64 cm) is in the public domain.
Joseph Gathering CornOT Typology

Joseph Gathering Corn

c. 1275 (San Marco atrium / narthex Genesis-and-Joseph cycle; 13th-century Venetian-Byzantine mosaicists)· Basilica di San Marco
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 13th-century mosaic). The underlying San Marco mosaic is in the public domain.
Pammakaristos Parekklesion: Old Testament ProphetOT Typology

Pammakaristos Parekklesion: Old Testament Prophet

c. 1310 (early Palaiologan; the parekklesion was erected by Martha Glabas in memory of her husband Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes, a general of Andronikos II Palaiologos; the mosaics survived the 1591 conversion to a mosque because they were plastered over)· Pammakaristos Parekklesion (Theotokos Pammakaristos / Fethiye Camii)
Photograph by Vmenkov (2010). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) and GNU Free Documentation License 1.2+. The underlying c. 1310 mosaic at the Pammakaristos parekklesion is in the public domain.
The Hospitality of AbrahamOT Typology

The Hospitality of Abraham

c. 1425–1427· State Tretyakov Gallery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, Google Art Project file). The underlying 15th-century icon (141.5 × 114 cm, tempera on panel) is in the public domain.
The Three Hebrews in the Fiery FurnaceOT Typology

The Three Hebrews in the Fiery Furnace

c. 1550· Levantine icon (Lebanese / Syrian provenance)
Photograph by Michel Bakni (2020) via the Wikimedians of the Levant 'One Hundred Icon Project.' Wikimedia Commons. The underlying 16th-century icon is in the public domain.
The Good ShepherdPantocrator

The Good Shepherd

c. 225 AD (mid-3rd century; pre-Constantinian early Christian funerary fresco; one of the earliest surviving Christian iconographic representations of Christ)· Catacomb of Priscilla
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Joseph Wilpert documentation, 1903; faithful reproduction of a c. 225 AD fresco). The underlying catacomb fresco is in the public domain.
Christ as Orpheus (Christ-Orpheus Arcosolium)Pantocrator

Christ as Orpheus (Christ-Orpheus Arcosolium)

c. 300–350 (early-4th century, pre- or early-Constantinian; pagan-Roman pastoral iconographic vocabulary reframed as Christ-image)· Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons). The underlying c. 4th-century catacomb fresco is in the public domain.
Christ Enthroned with AngelsPantocrator

Christ Enthroned with Angels

Early 6th century (c. 504, edited c. 561)· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
Photo by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

Mid-6th century (c. 550)· Saint Catherine's Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, file: Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg). The underlying 6th-century encaustic icon is in the public domain by age. Per Wikimedia policy, faithful 2D reproductions of public-domain works are themselves public domain.
Christ in the MandorlaPantocrator

Christ in the Mandorla

6th–7th century (Bawit Monastery of Saint Apollo, Middle Egypt)· Coptic Museum
Photograph by Votpuske (2023). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th–7th-century Bawit niche painting (Coptic Museum, Cairo) is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1030–1050· Hosios Loukas Monastery (Katholikon
Photo by Hans A. Rosbach (2009). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1100· Daphni Monastery (Katholikon of the Dormition)
Photo by Jacob Freeland (2023). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ Pantocrator of the ApsePantocrator

Christ Pantocrator of the Apse

c. 1140–1160 (commissioned under Roger II of Sicily; Greek mosaicists, Norman patron, Arab muqarnas ceiling — the chapel's cultural-translation register)· Cappella Palatina
Photograph by Jean-Pierre Dalbéra (2012). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0). The underlying 12th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1143· Capella Palatina (Royal Chapel of Palermo)
Photo by Effems (2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 12th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1145 (cathedral 1131–1240)· Cefalù Cathedral
Photo by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2015). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 12th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1180–1190· Monreale Cathedral (Duomo di Monreale)
Photo by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2015). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 12th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

December 1192· Church of Panagia tou Arakos (Panagia Arakiotissa)
Photo by David Winfield (1968–1973), MSBZ004_BF_S_1979_1913D, Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington DC. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 12th-century fresco is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1261· Hagia Sophia
Photo by Myrabella (2012). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 13th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1310· Pammakaristos Church (Fethiye Camii)
Photo by Dick Osseman (Dosseman, 2010). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 14th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1315–1321· Chora Church (Kariye Camii / Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora)
Photo by Guillaume Piolle (2011). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0). The underlying 14th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ PantocratorPantocrator

Christ Pantocrator

c. 1430· Pantanassa Monastery
Photo by Sailko (2008). Wikimedia Commons. Released under multiple licenses (GFDL 1.2+ / CC BY-SA 3.0 / CC BY 2.5); attributed here under CC BY-SA 3.0. The underlying 15th-century fresco is in the public domain.
The Lord SabaothPantocrator

The Lord Sabaoth

c. 1650 (Moscow tradition; preserved in Old Believer circles after the 1666–1667 Synod)· Russian Old Believer tradition (private collection
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a public-domain icon). The underlying mid-17th-century Russian icon (private collection, Old Believer provenance) is in the public domain.
The Cloud of WitnessesSaints

The Cloud of Witnesses

c. 380–410 (Theodosian conversion of the Galerian rotunda; mosaics among the earliest surviving Christian dome programs)· Rotunda of Hagios Georgios
Photograph by Wikimedia Commons user Ymblanter (2021). Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying late-4th / early-5th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Christ and Saint Menas (the Bawit Icon)Saints

Christ and Saint Menas (the Bawit Icon)

c. 6th–8th century (early Byzantine / Coptic; one of the oldest surviving Christian panel icons; recovered from the Apa Apollo Monastery at Bawit, Middle Egypt, by Jean Clédat's 1900–1903 excavations)· Musée du Louvre
Photograph: Musée du Louvre, Paris (Acc. E 11565). Wikimedia Commons. The underlying c. 6th–8th-century Coptic panel icon is in the public domain. Photographic reproduction in the public domain (CC0 / structured-data convention).
Saint DemetriosSaints

Saint Demetrios

Late 6th–7th century (program; saint's death c. 306 AD)· Basilica of Hagios Demetrios
Photo by Holger Uwe Schmitt (2022). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th–7th century mosaic is in the public domain.
Saints Sergius and BacchusSaints

Saints Sergius and Bacchus

6th–7th century· Bohdan and Varvara Khanenko National Museum of Arts
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, photographed by user Shakko, 2008). The underlying 6th–7th-century encaustic icon is in the public domain.
The Forty Martyrs of SebasteSaints

The Forty Martyrs of Sebaste

10th century (martyrdom event AD 320)· Museum of Byzantine Art (Bode Museum)
Photo by Anagoria (2013). Wikimedia Commons. Dual-licensed under GFDL 1.2+ and CC BY 3.0. The underlying 10th-century ivory plaque is in the public domain.
Saint NicholasSaints

Saint Nicholas

c. 950· Walters Art Museum
Image courtesy of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (accession 48.2086.1). Released under Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0. The underlying 10th-century ceramic tile is in the public domain.
The Martyrdom of Ignatius of AntiochSaints

The Martyrdom of Ignatius of Antioch

c. 985 (manuscript dated to the late reign of Emperor Basil II; 430 surviving illuminations covering the saints' calendar from September through February)· Vatican Apostolic Library
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; faithful reproduction of a 10th-century manuscript folio). The underlying Menologion of Basil II is in the public domain.
Saint PanteleimonSaints

Saint Panteleimon

11th century (Middle Byzantine; small steatite relief plaque worn on the chest or used to decorate larger icon frames)· Walters Art Museum
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (Acc. 41.227). Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0) per the Walters' 2012 mass-release. The underlying 11th-century steatite is in the public domain.
The Saint Sophia Ohrid Fresco ProgramSaints

The Saint Sophia Ohrid Fresco Program

c. 1037–1056 (the cathedral's foundation period under Archbishop Leo of Ohrid; one of the largest 11th-century fresco ensembles in Eastern Europe; the corpus's 153rd-tagged / 150th actual entry — milestone closure)· Saint Sophia Cathedral
Photograph by Raso mk (2004). Wikimedia Commons. Public domain in North Macedonia and the United States. The underlying 11th-century frescoes are in the public domain.
Saint NicholasSaints

Saint Nicholas

11th-century underlayer, overpainted 1259 (both layers visible in the surviving palimpsest)· Boyana Church (Sofia
Photograph by Ann Wuyts. Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0). The underlying frescoes (11th c. and 1259) are in the public domain.
Saint GeorgeSaints

Saint George

c. 1250· British Museum
Photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen (2012). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic (CC BY 2.5). The underlying 13th-century icon is in the public domain. Held by the British Museum, London (accession 1984.0601.1).
The Three HierarchsSaints

The Three Hierarchs

14th century· National Historical Museum
Photo by Sailko (2015). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 14th-century icon is in the public domain.
Saints Boris and GlebSaints

Saints Boris and Gleb

c. 1340–1370 (Old Russian iconography; commemorating the 1015 martyrdom of Vladimir's princely sons)· State Russian Museum (Государственный Русский музей)
Google Art Project / Wikimedia Commons. The underlying mid-14th-century icon at the State Russian Museum is in the public domain. Photographic reproduction released under CC0/PD; structured metadata under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Saint Anastasia of SirmiumSaints

Saint Anastasia of Sirmium

c. 1370–1400 (late Palaiologan; tempera on wood, 99 × 66 cm; previously in the Russky Archeological Institute in Constantinople)· State Hermitage Museum
Wikimedia Commons. Faithful photographic reproduction of a late-14th-century icon at the Hermitage. The underlying icon is in the public domain.
Saint BarbaraSaints

Saint Barbara

15th century (Coptic-Egyptian iconographic tradition; Mamluk-period Egypt)· Coptic Museum
Photograph by أحمد ناجي / Ahmed Naji (2024). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 15th-century icon at the Coptic Museum, Cairo, is in the public domain.
Saints Theodore Stratelates and Theodore TyronSaints

Saints Theodore Stratelates and Theodore Tyron

15th century· State Hermitage Museum
Photo by Netelo (2020). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 15th-century icon is in the public domain.
Saints Constantine and Helena with the True CrossSaints

Saints Constantine and Helena with the True Cross

c. 1500–1700 (post-Byzantine icon type rendering the iconographic tradition of Emperor Constantine the Great and his mother Helena flanking the True Cross)· Byzantine and Christian Museum
Wikimedia Commons. Faithful photographic reproduction of a post-Byzantine icon at the Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens. The underlying icon is in the public domain.
Saint Anthony of the DesertSaints

Saint Anthony of the Desert

c. 1550–1600· Byzantine and Christian Museum
Photo by Francesco Bini / Sailko (2023). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 16th-century icon by Michael Damaskenos is in the public domain.
Saint Stephen the ProtomartyrSaints

Saint Stephen the Protomartyr

17th century (Byzantine iconographic tradition; saint died c. AD 34)· Museum of Byzantine Culture
Photograph in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, file: St_Stephen.tif, photographed by user Racconish, 2016). The underlying 17th-century icon is in the public domain.
Saint Christopher CynocephalusSaints

Saint Christopher Cynocephalus

c. 1650· Byzantine and Christian Museum
Image courtesy of the Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens (accession ΒΧΜ 01571), via the Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. The underlying 17th-century icon is in the public domain.
The HetoimasiaSecond Coming

The Hetoimasia

c. 400 (Constantinople workshop; one of the oldest surviving Hetoimasia-type sculptures)· Museum für Byzantinische Kunst
Photograph by Anagoria (2013). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0). The underlying c. 400 Byzantine marble relief is in the public domain.
The Heavenly JerusalemSecond Coming

The Heavenly Jerusalem

6th–7th century (apse 549; arch 7th c.)· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
Photo by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th–7th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Cosmic CrossSecond Coming

The Cosmic Cross

c. 549· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
Photo by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The AnastasisSecond Coming

The Anastasis

c. 1030–1050· Hosios Loukas Monastery (Katholikon
Photo by Shakko (Sofia Bagdasarova, 2014). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Last JudgmentSecond Coming

The Last Judgment

12th century (with 13th-c. additions)· Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta
Photo by Ismoon (2013, uploaded 2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 12th–13th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The AnastasisSecond Coming

The Anastasis

c. 1315–1321· Chora Church (Kariye Camii)
Photo by Joseph Kranak (2009). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0). The underlying 14th-century fresco is in the public domain.
The Anastasis (Resurrection)Second Coming

The Anastasis (Resurrection)

c. 1480–1500 (Novgorod school; Old Russian iconographic flowering)· State Russian Museum (Государственный Русский музей)
Photograph by Sailko (2011). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) and GNU Free Documentation License 1.2+. The underlying late 15th-century Novgorod-school icon at the State Russian Museum is in the public domain.
The Anastasis (Resurrection)Second Coming

The Anastasis (Resurrection)

1494 (program completion; painter Philippos Goul)· Church of Timios Stavros tou Agiasmati
Photograph by Croquemort Nestor (2025). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 1494 fresco is in the public domain.
The Lion and the DragonSecond Coming

The Lion and the Dragon

c. 1547 (Voroneț exterior fresco program; commissioned under Metropolitan Grigore Roșca during the reign of Petru Rareș)· Voroneț Monastery
Photograph by Gary Todd (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying c. 1547 fresco at Voroneț Monastery is in the public domain.
The Last JudgmentSecond Coming

The Last Judgment

1547· Voroneț Monastery (Church of Saint George)
Photo by Alessio Damato (2006). Wikimedia Commons. Multi-licensed (GFDL 1.2+ / CC BY-SA 3.0). Cited under CC BY-SA 3.0. The underlying 16th-century fresco is in the public domain.
The Sucevița Fresco Program (Interior Wall View)Second Coming

The Sucevița Fresco Program (Interior Wall View)

c. 1602–1604 (interior and exterior fresco program; the last great Moldavian painted-monastery program; commissioned under Metropolitan Gheorghe Movilă)· Sucevița Monastery
Photograph by Josep Renalias (2021). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). The underlying c. 1602–1604 frescoes at Sucevița Monastery are in the public domain.
The Last JudgmentSecond Coming

The Last Judgment

Early 18th century· Vatopedi Monastery (Katholikon
Photo by Aroche (2011). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0). The underlying 18th-century fresco is in the public domain.
Theotokos Enthroned with the MagiTheotokos

Theotokos Enthroned with the Magi

c. 561 (under Bishop Agnellus)· Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
Photo by Marie Thérèse Hébert & Jean Robert Thibault (2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0). The underlying 6th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Theotokos of the ApseTheotokos

Theotokos of the Apse

867 (inaugurated 29 March)· Hagia Sophia
Photo by Dick Osseman (Dosseman, 2019). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 9th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Triptych Icon of the Virgin and Child with SaintsTheotokos

Triptych Icon of the Virgin and Child with Saints

c. 10th century (Middle Byzantine; portable devotional triptych in carved ivory; Macedonian-Renaissance period workshop)· Walters Art Museum
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (Acc. 71.158). Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0) per the Walters' 2012 mass-release of collection imagery to Wikimedia Commons. The underlying 10th-century ivory is in the public domain.
The Dormition of the TheotokosTheotokos

The Dormition of the Theotokos

Late 10th century (Macedonian Renaissance, Constantinople workshop)· Metropolitan Museum of Art
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons; Metropolitan Museum of Art Open Access). Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying late-10th-century Byzantine ivory plaque (18.6 × 14.8 cm) is in the public domain.
Theotokos of the ApseTheotokos

Theotokos of the Apse

c. 1030–1050· Hosios Loukas Monastery (Katholikon
Photo by Hans A. Rosbach (2009). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Virgin OransTheotokos

The Virgin Orans

c. 1050· Saint Sophia Cathedral
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, file: Oranta-Kyiv.jpg, source Google Arts & Culture). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
Theotokos AgiosoritissaTheotokos

Theotokos Agiosoritissa

11th–12th century (donated by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa to Spoleto in 1185 after the city's submission)· Cappella della Santissima Icona
Photograph by Wolfgang Sauber (2017). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 11th–12th-century icon at Spoleto Cathedral is in the public domain.
The Presentation of the TheotokosTheotokos

The Presentation of the Theotokos

c. 1100· Daphni Monastery (Katholikon)
Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto (2025). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Italy (CC BY-SA 2.5 IT). The underlying 11th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Theotokos HodegetriaTheotokos

The Theotokos Hodegetria

c. 1080–1130 (11th-century original; main figure reworked after a 12th-century earthquake; the saints below remain from the first program)· Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta
Photograph by José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro (2016). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 11th–12th century mosaic is in the public domain.
The Nicopeia (Theotokos Nikopoios — Virgin Bringer of Victory)Theotokos

The Nicopeia (Theotokos Nikopoios — Virgin Bringer of Victory)

c. 1100–1120 (Komnenian-era Constantinople workshop; the icon was the imperial palladium of Byzantine Constantinople until the Fourth Crusade in 1204)· Basilica di San Marco
Wikimedia Commons (faithful photographic reproduction). Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying c. 1100–1120 Komnenian-era icon is in the public domain.
Theotokos of VladimirTheotokos

Theotokos of Vladimir

c. 1131· State Tretyakov Gallery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, file: Vladimirskaja_ikona_Božiej_Materi.jpg). Source: Tretyakov Gallery CD-ROM (2004). The underlying 12th-century icon (104 × 69 cm, tempera on panel) is in the public domain.
The AnnunciationTheotokos

The Annunciation

Late 12th century· Saint Catherine's Monastery
Photographic reproduction in the public domain (Wikimedia Commons, file: Annunciation_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg, scanned 2008). The underlying late-12th-century icon (61 × 42 cm, tempera on panel) is in the public domain.
Theotokos HodegetriaTheotokos

Theotokos Hodegetria

13th century (Athens icon; type originates earlier, prototype destroyed 1453)· Byzantine and Christian Museum
Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto (2009), Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens. Wikimedia Commons. Released under attribution-only license (cited per the photographer's terms). The underlying 13th-century icon is in the public domain.
The Annunciation at the WellTheotokos

The Annunciation at the Well

c. 1315–1321· Chora Church (Kariye Camii)
Photo by Byzantine Institute staff (1952), MSBZ004-ICFA-KC-BIA-0366. Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington DC. Released under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The underlying 14th-century mosaic is in the public domain.
The VisitationTheotokos

The Visitation

1751 (post-Byzantine continuation; Panagia Monastery, Delphi; donor Ioannis Ntasios from Ioannina)· Byzantine and Christian Museum
Photograph by George E. Koronaios (2023). Wikimedia Commons. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). The underlying 1751 fresco is in the public domain.

150 artworks, photographs sourced primarily from Wikimedia Commons with eight from museum open-access programs (Met CC0, Walters PD/CC BY-SA, British Museum CC BY 2.5, Dumbarton Oaks CC0). Originals are public domain by age; photographs carry the licenses noted on each artwork. Click any card for full credit, license, and a link back to the source.

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